LL-37 Prices

It is investigational and not FDA-approved; everything below is research context rather than medical guidance.

Key research takeaways

LL-37 at a glance

Endogenous cathelicidin; naturally occurring; potential pro-inflammatory at very high doses only Safety ratings summarize published clinical data, adverse-event reporting, and regulatory status. How PeptidePrices rates evidence. Research information only, not medical advice.

Study highlights

• LL-37 is the sole human cathelicidin, a 37-amino-acid cationic amphipathic peptide cleaved from the precursor hCAP18; it exerts broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses via membrane permeabilization, pore formation, and intracellular target disruption, in addition to neutralizing bacterial LPS.
• In wound healing, LL-37 is strongly expressed at acute wound edges (peak at 48 h) and markedly absent in chronic ulcer epithelium; antibody-mediated blockade of LL-37 in ex vivo human skin significantly inhibits re-epithelialization, confirming a causal role via EGFR transactivation that activates STAT3 and Snail/Slug transcription factors to drive keratinocyte migration.
• In psoriasis, LL-37 is overexpressed in lesional skin and forms complexes with self-DNA from dying keratinocytes, converting normally non-immunogenic endogenous DNA into a potent activator of plasmacytoid dendritic cell TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production, making LL-37 a central mediator of the autoimmune-like inflammatory cascade in psoriasis pathogenesis.
• Beyond skin, LL-37 suppresses neutrophil apoptosis, promotes angiogenesis, stimulates cytokine release, and synergizes with IL-1β to amplify innate immune responses; dysregulated LL-37 contributes to rosacea (via excess serine protease-generated LL-37 fragments activating TLR2) and vitamin D signaling is a key transcriptional inducer of hCAP18/LL-37 production.

Selected references

1. The Cathelicidin Anti-Microbial Peptide LL-37 Is Involved in Re-Epithelialization of Human Skin Wounds and Is Lacking in Chronic Ulcer Epithelium · J Invest Dermatol, 2003
2. Induction of Keratinocyte Migration via Transactivation of the EGFR by the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 · J Immunol, 2005
3. In Vitro and In Vivo Wound Healing-Promoting Activities of Human Cathelicidin LL-37 · J Invest Dermatol, 2008
4. Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 in Psoriasis Enables Keratinocyte Reactivity against TLR9 Ligands · J Invest Dermatol, 2012
5. Cathelicidin LL-37: An Antimicrobial Peptide with a Role in Inflammatory Skin Disease · Ann Dermatol / PMC, 2012
6. Cathelicidin LL-37: A Multitask Antimicrobial Peptide · Arch Immunol Ther Exp, 2010